cat - display or concatenate files
cd - change directory
chmod - change the permissions on a file or directory
cp - copy a file
date - display the current date and time
diff - display differences between text files
file - determine the type of a file
find - find files of a specified name or type
ftp - file transfer program
grep - searches files for a specified string or expression
gzip - compress a file
help - display information about bash builtin commands
info - read online documentation
kill - kill a process
lpr - print out a file
ls - list names of files in a directory
man - display an on-line manual page
mkdir - make a directory
more - scan through a text file page by page
mv - move or rename files or directories
nice - change the priority at which a job is being run
passwd - change your password
ps - list processes
pwd - display the name of your current directory
quota - disk quota and usage
rm - remove files or directories
rmdir - remove a directory
sort - sort and collate lines
slogin - secure remote login program
telnet - remote login program
Unix Commands
Manual Testing Faqs
1. What is Software Testing?
A. Testing involves operation of a system or application under controlled conditions and evaluating the results,The controlled conditions should include both normal and abnormal conditions.
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of finding the errors.
2. What is the Purpose of Testing?
A. The purpose of testing is
1· To uncover hidden errors
2· To achieve the maximum usability of the system
3· To Demonstrate expected performance of the system
3. What types of testing do testers perform?
A. Two types of testing 1.White Box Testing 2.Black Box Testing.
4. What is the Outcome of Testing?
A. The outcome of testing will be a stable application which meets the customer Req's.
5. What kind of testing have you done?
A. Usability,Functionality,System testing,regression testing,UAT
(it depends on the person).
6. What is the need for testing?
A. The Primary need is to match requirements get satisfied with the functionality
and also to answer two questions
1· Whether the system is doing what it supposes to do?
2· Whether the system is not performing what it is not suppose to do?
7. What are the entry criteria for Functionality and Performance testing?
A. Entry criteria for Functionality testing is Functional Specification /BRS (CRS)/User Manual.An integrated application, Stable for testing.
Entry criteria for Performance testing is successfully of functional testing,once all the requirements related to functional are covered and tested, and approved or validated.
8. Why do you go for White box testing, when Black box testing is available?
A. A benchmark that certifies Commercial (Business) aspects and also functional (technical)aspects is objectives of black box testing. Here loops, structures, arrays, conditions,files, etc are very micro level but they arc Basement for any application, So White box takes these things in Macro level and test these things
Even though Black box testing is available,we should go for White box testing also,to check the correctness of code and for integrating the modules.
9.What are the entry criteria for Automation testing?
A. Application should be stable. Clear Design and Flow of the application is needed.
10.When to start and Stop Testing?
A. This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are so complex,and run in such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done.
Common factors in deciding when to stop are:
Deadlines (release deadlines, testing deadlines, etc.)
Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
Test budget depleted
Coverage of code/functionality/requirements reaches a specified point
Bug rate falls below a certain level
Beta or alpha testing period ends
11.What is Quality?
A. It ensures that software is a Bug free,delivered in time,with in budget,meets customer requirements and maintainable.Quality standards are different in various areas like accounting department might define quality in terms of Profit.
12.What is Baseline document?
A. The review and approved document is called as baseline document (i.e)Test plan,SRS.
13.What is verification?
A. To check whether we are developing the right product according to the customer
requirements r not.It is a static process.
14.What is validation?
A. To check whether we have developed the product according to the customer requirements r not.It is a Dynamic process.
15.What is quality assurance?
A. Quality Assurance measures the quality of processes used to create a quality product.
1.It is a system of management activities.
2.It is a preventive process.
3.It applies for entire life cycle.
4.Deals with Proces.
16.What is quality control?
A. Quality control measures the quality of a product
1.It is a specific part of the QA procedure.
2.It is a corrective process.
3.It applies for particular product.
4.Deals with the product.
17.What is SDLC and TDLC?
A. Software development life cycle(SDLC) is life cycle of a project from starting to ending of the project.
1.Requiremnts Specification. 2.Analysis
3.Design 4.Coding
5.Testing 6.User acceptance test(UAT)
7.Maintainance
Software Test Life Cycle(STLC) is a life cycle of the testing process.
1.Requiremnts Specification. 2.Planning
3.Test case Design. 4.Execution
5.Bug Reporting. 6.Maintainance
18.What are the Qualities of a Tester?
A. Tester should have qualities like
1.ability to break 2.paitence 3.communication
4.Presentation 5.team work. 6.negative thinking with good judgment skills
19.What are the various levels of testing?
A. The various levels of testing like
1· Ad - Hoc testing
2. Sanity Test
3. Regression Testing
4. Functional testing
5· Web Testing
20.After completing testing, what would you deliver to the client?
A. It is depend upon what you have specified in the test plan document.
the contents delivers to the clients is nothing but Test Deliverables.
1.Test plan document 2.Master test case document 3.Test summary Report.
4.Defect Reports.
21.What is a Test Bed?
A. Test bed means under what test environment(Hardware,software set up) the
application will run smoothly.
22.Why do you go for Test Bed?
A. We will prepare test bed bcoz first we need to identify under which
environment (Hardware,software) the application will run smoothly,then
only we can run the application smoothly without any intereptions.
23.What is Severity and Priority and who will decide what?
A. Severity and priority will be assigned for a particular bug to know the importance of the bug.
Severity:How sevierly the bug is effecting the application.
Priority:Informing to the developer which bug to be fix first.
24.Can Automation testing replace manual testing? If it so, how?
A. Yes,it can be done manually when the project is small,having more time.
we can test with minimum number of users.
25.What is a test case?
A. A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and an expected response, to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly.
26.What is a test condition?
A. The condition required to test a feature.(pre condition)
27.What is the test script?
A. Test script is the script which is generated by an automation tool while recording a application features.
28.What is the test data?
A. Test data means the input data(valid,invalid data) giving to check the feature
of an application is working correctly.
29.What is the difference between Re-testing and Regression testing?
A Re-testing:Executing the same test case by giving the no. of inputs on same build.
Regression testing:Executing the same test case on a modified build.
30.What are the different types of testing techniques?
A. 1.white Box testing 2.Black Box testing.
31.What are the different types of test case techniques?
A. 1.Equilance Partition. 2.Boundary Value Analysis. 3.Error guesing.
32.What ifs the difference between defect, error, bug?
A. Defect:While executing the test case if u found any mismatch,the u will report
it to the development team,that is called defect.
Bug:Once the developer accepts your defect,the it is called as a bug.
error:it may be program error or syntax error.
33.What is the difference between quality and testing?
A. QA is more a preventive thing, ensuring quality in the company and therefore
the product rather than just testing the product for software bugs?
TESTING means "quality control"
Quality control measures the quality of a product
Quality Assurance measures the quality of processes used to create a
quality product.
34.What is the difference between White & Black Box Testing?
A. White Box Testing:Based on the knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code.Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions.
Black Box testing:- not based on any knowledge of internal design or code.
Tests are based on requirements and functionality.
35.What is the difference between Quality Assurance and Quality Control?
A.
Quality Assurance measures the quality of processes used to create a
quality product.
Quality control measures the quality of the product.
36.What is the difference between Testing and debugging?
A. The Purpose of testing is to show the program has bugs.
The Purpose of debugging is find the error/ misconception that led to failure and implement program changes that correct the error.
37.What is the difference between bug and defect?
A. Defect:While executing the test case if u found any mismatch,the u will report
it to the development team,that is called defect.
Bug:Once the developer accepts your defect,the it is called as a bug.
38.What is the difference between unit testing and integration testing?
A. Unit Testing:It is a testing activity typically done by the developers not by testers,as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. Not always easily done unless the application has a well-designed architecture with tight code.
integration testing:testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. The 'parts' can be code modules, individual applications,client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
39. What is the diff between Volume & Load?
A. Load,stress testing comes under performance testing.
Load Testing:To test the performance of the application by gradually
increasing the user loads.
Stress Testing:TO test the performance of the application and to find the server break down or where the server crashes.
Volume Testing:To test whether it can able to send max data according to client req's.
40. What is the Diff between Two Tier & Three tier Architecture?
A. Two Tier Architecture:It is nothing but client server Architecture,where client will hit request directly to server and client will get response directly from server.
Three tier Architecture:It is nothing but Web Based application,here in between client and server middle ware will be there,if client hits a request it will go to the middle ware and middle ware will send to server and vise-versa.
41. What is the diff between Integration & System Testing?
A. integration testing:testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. The 'parts' can be code modules, individual applications,client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
System Testing:system testing will conducted on the entire system to check whether
it is meeting the customer requirements r not.
42. What is the diff between walk through and inspection?
A. walk through:A 'walk through' is an informal meeting for evaluation or informational purposes. Little or no preparation is usually required
inspection:Inspection is an formal meeting,here every thing discussed will be documented such as a requirements spec or a test plan, and the purpose is to find problems and see what's missing,The result of the inspection meeting should be a written report.
43. What is the Diff between static and dynamic?
A. Static Testing:Test activities that are performed without running the software is called Static Testing,it includes inspections,walk throughs and desk checks.
dynamic testing:Test activities that are performed by running the software is called dynamic Testing.
44. What is the diff between alpha testing and beta testing?
A. Alpha Testing:alpha testing will be performed by client in our environment with dummy data,In this phase some major bugs can be allowed,later which will be solved by our development team.
beta testing:beta testing will be performed by client in his environment with real data,In this phase no bugs can be allowed.
45.What is Recovery testing?
A.testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.
QTP Faqs
Testing Material
Load Runner Faqs
Sql Server Faqs
Testing Faqs Resources
Descriptive Programming for Yahoo Login Page
QTP FAQS
1) What is QTP ?
A) QuickTest is a graphical interface record-playback automation tool. It is able to work with any web, java or windows client application. Quick Test enables you to test standard web objects and ActiveX controls. In addition to these environments, QuickTest Professional also enables you to test Java applets and applications and multimedia objects on Applications as well as standard Windows applications, Visual Basic 6 applications and .NET framework applications...
2) Explain QTP Testing process ?
A) The QuickTest testing process consists of 6 main phases:
Create your test plan
Prior to automating there should be a detailed description of the test including the exact steps to follow, data to be input, and all items to be verified by the test. The verification information should include both data validations and existence or state verifications of objects in the application.
Recording a session on your application
As you navigate through your application, QuickTest graphically displays each step you perform in the form of a collapsible icon-based test tree. A step is any user action that causes or makes a change in your site, such as clicking a link or image, or entering data in a form.
Enhancing your test
Inserting checkpoints into your test lets you search for a specific value of a page, object or text string, which helps you identify whether or not your application is functioning correctly.
NOTE: Checkpoints can be added to a test as you record it or after the fact via the Active Screen. It is much easier and faster to add the checkpoints during the recording process.
Broadening the scope of your test by replacing fixed values with parameters lets you check how your application performs the same operations with multiple sets of data.
Adding logic and conditional statements to your test enables you to add sophisticated checks to your test.
Debugging your test
If changes were made to the script, you need to debug it to check that it operates smoothly and without interruption.
Running your test on a new version of your application
You run a test to check the behavior of your application. While running, QuickTest connects to your application and performs each step in your test.
Analyzing the test results
You examine the test results to pinpoint defects in your application.
Reporting defects
As you encounter failures in the application when analyzing test results, you will create defect reports in Defect Reporting Tool.
3) Explain the QTP Tool interface.
A)It contains the following key elements:
Title bar, displaying the name of the currently open test
Menu bar, displaying menus of QuickTest commands
File toolbar, containing buttons to assist you in managing tests
Test toolbar, containing buttons used while creating and maintaining tests
Debug toolbar, containing buttons used while debugging tests.
Note: The Debug toolbar is not displayed when you open QuickTest for the first time. You can display the Debug toolbar by choosing View > Toolbars > Debug. Note that this tutorial does not describe how to debug a test.
Action toolbar, containing buttons and a list of actions, enabling you to view the details of an individual action or the entire test flow.
Note: The Action toolbar is not displayed when you open QuickTest for the first time. You can display the Action toolbar by choosing View > Toolbars > Action. If you insert a reusable or external action in a test, the Action toolbar is displayed automatically.
Test pane, containing two tabs to view your test-the Tree View and the Expert View
Test Details pane, containing the Active Screen
Data Table, containing two tabs, Global and Action, to assist you in parameterizing your test
Debug Viewer pane, containing three tabs to assist you in debugging your test-Watch Expressions, Variables, and Command. (The Debug Viewer pane can be opened only when a test run pauses at a breakpoint.)
Status bar, displaying the status of the test.
4) What is keyword view and Expert view in QTP?
A) QuickTest’s Keyword Driven approach, test automation experts
have full access to the underlying test and object properties, via an
integrated scripting and debugging environment that is round-trip
synchronized with the Keyword View.
Advanced testers can view and edit their tests in the Expert View,
which reveals the underlying industry-standard VBScript that
QuickTest Professional automatically generates. Any changes
made in the Expert View are automatically synchronized with the
Keyword View.
5) Explain about the Test Fusion Report of QTP ?
A) Once a tester has run a test, a TestFusion report displays all
aspects of the test run: a high-level results overview, an expandable
Tree View of the test specifying exactly where application failures
occurred, the test data used, application screen shots for every step
that highlight any discrepancies, and detailed explanations of each
checkpoint pass and failure. By combining TestFusion reports with
QuickTest Professional, you can share reports across an entire QA
and development team.
6) To which environments does QTP supports ?
A) QuickTest Professional supports functional testing of all enterprise
environments, including Windows, Web, ..NET, Java/J2EE, SAP,
Siebel, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Visual Basic, ActiveX, mainframe
terminal emulators, and Web services.
7) How QTP recognizes Objects in AUT?
A) QuickTest stores the definitions for application objects in a file called the Object Repository. As you record your test, QuickTest will add an entry for each item you interact with. Each Object Repository entry will be identified by a logical name (determined automatically by QuickTest), and will contain a set of properties (type, name, etc) that uniquely identify each object.
Each line in the QuickTest script will contain a reference to the object that you interacted with, a call to the appropriate method (set, click, check) and any parameters for that method (such as the value for a call to the set method). The references to objects in the script will all be identified by the logical name, rather than any physical, descriptive properties.
8) What are the types of Object Repositorys in QTP?
A) QuickTest has two types of object repositories for storing object information: shared object repositories and action object repositories. You can choose which type of object repository you want to use as the default type for new tests, and you can change the default as necessary for each new test.
The object repository per-action mode is the default setting. In this mode, QuickTest automatically creates an object repository file for each action in your test so that you can create and run tests without creating, choosing, or modifying object repository files. However, if you do modify values in an action object repository, your changes do not have any effect on other actions. Therefore, if the same test object exists in more than one action and you modify an object's property values in one action, you may need to make the same change in every action (and any test) containing the object.
9) Explain the check points in QTP?
A)A checkpoint verifies that expected information is displayed in a Application while the test is running. You can add eight types of checkpoints to your test for standard web objects using QTP.
A page checkpoint checks the characteristics of a Application
A text checkpoint checks that a text string is displayed in the appropriate place on a Application.
An object checkpoint (Standard) checks the values of an object on a Application.
An image checkpoint checks the values of an image on a Application.
A table checkpoint checks information within a table on a Application
An Accessiblity checkpoint checks the web page for Section 508 compliance.
An XML checkpoint checks the contents of individual XML data files or XML documents that are part of your Web application.
A database checkpoint checks the contents of databases accessed by your web site
10) In how many ways we can add check points to an application using QTP.
A) We can add checkpoints while recording the application or we can add after recording is completed using Active screen (Note : To perform the second one The Active screen must be enabled while recording).
11) How does QTP identifes the object in the application.
A) QTP identifies the object in the application by LogicalName and Class.
For example :
The Edit box is identified by
Logical Name : PSOPTIONS_BSE_TIME20
Class: WebEdit
12) If an application name is changes frequently i.e while recording it has name “Window1” and then while running its “Windows2” in this case how does QTP handles?
A)QTP handles those situations using “Regular Expressions”.
13) What is Parameterizing Tests?
A) When you test your application, you may want to check how it performs the same operations with multiple sets of data. For example, suppose you want to check how your application responds to ten separate sets of data. You could record ten separate tests, each with its own set of data. Alternatively, you can create a parameterized test that runs ten times: each time the test runs, it uses a different set of data.
14) What is test object model in QTP ?
A) The test object model is a large set of object types or classes that QuickTest
uses to represent the objects in your application. Each test object class has a
list of properties that can uniquely identify objects of that class and a set of
relevant methods that QuickTest can record for it.
A test object is an object that QuickTest creates in the test or component to
represent the actual object in your application. QuickTest stores information
about the object that will help it identify and check the object during the
run session.
A run-time object is the actual object in your Web site or application on
which methods are performed during the run session.
15) What is Object Spy in QTP?
A)Using the Object Spy, you can view the properties of any object in an open
application. You use the Object Spy pointer to point to an object. The Object
Spy displays the selected object’s hierarchy tree and its properties and values
in the Properties tab of the Object Spy dialog box.
16) What is the Diff between Image check-point and Bit map Check point?
A) Image checkpoints enable you to check the properties of a Web image.
You can check an area of a Web page or application as a bitmap. While
creating a test or component, you specify the area you want to check by
selecting an object. You can check an entire object or any area within an
object. QuickTest captures the specified object as a bitmap, and inserts a
checkpoint in the test or component. You can also choose to save only the
selected area of the object with your test or component in order to save disk Space
For example, suppose you have a Web site that can display a map of a city
the user specifies. The map has control keys for zooming. You can record the
new map that is displayed after one click on the control key that zooms in
the map. Using the bitmap checkpoint, you can check that the map zooms
in correctly.
You can create bitmap checkpoints for all supported testing environments
(as long as the appropriate add-ins are loaded).
Note: The results of bitmap checkpoints may be affected by factors such as
operating system, screen resolution, and color settings.
17) How many ways we can parameterize data in QTP ?
A) There are four types of parameters:
Test, action or component parameters enable you to use values passed
from your test or component, or values from other actions in your test.
Data Table parameters enable you to create a data-driven test (or action)
that runs several times using the data you supply. In each repetition, or
iteration, QuickTest uses a different value from the Data Table.
Environment variable parameters enable you to use variable values from
other sources during the run session. These may be values you supply, or
values that QuickTest generates for you based on conditions and options
you choose.
Random number parameters enable you to insert random numbers as
values in your test or component. For example, to check how your
application handles small and large ticket orders, you can have QuickTest
generate a random number and insert it in a number of tickets edit field.
18.If i give some thousand tests to execute in 2 days what do u do?
Ans : Adhoc testing is done. It Covers the least basic functionalities to verify that the system is working fine.
19. How to Import data from a ".xls" file to Data table during Runtime.
Ans : Datatable.Import "...XLS file name..."
DataTable.ImportSheet(FileName, SheetSource, SheetDest)
DataTable.ImportSheet "C:\name.xls" ,1 ,"name"
20.How to export data present in Datatable to an ".xls" file?
Ans : DataTable.Export "....xls file name..."
21. 3 differences between QTP & Winrunner?
Ans :
(a) QTP is object bases Scripting ( VBS) where Winrunner is TSL (C based) Scripting.
(b) QTP supports ".NET" application Automation not available in Winrunner
(c) QTP has "Active Screen" support which captures the application, not available in WR.
(d) QTP has "Data Table" to store script values , variables which WR does not have.
(e) Using a “point and click” capability you can easily interface with objects, their
definitions and create checkpoints after having recorded a script – without having
to navigate back to that location in your application like you have to with WinRunner.
This greatly speeds up script development.
22. how to add a runtime parameter to a datasheet?
Ans:
DataTable.LocalSheet
The following example uses the LocalSheet property to return the local sheet of
the run-time Data Table in order to add a parameter (column) to it.
MyParam=DataTable.LocalSheet.AddParameter("Time", "5:45")
23 .Object Repositories types, Which & when to use?
Deciding Which Object Repository Mode to Choose
To choose the default object repository mode and the appropriate object repository mode for each test, you need to understand the differences between the two modes.
In general, the object repository per-action mode is easiest to use when you are creating simple record and run tests, especially under the following conditions:
You have only one, or very few, tests that correspond to a given application, interface, or set of objects.
You do not expect to frequently modify test object properties.
You generally create single-action tests.
Conversely, the shared object repository mode is generally the preferred mode when:
You have several tests that test elements of the same application, interface, or set of objects.
You expect the object properties in your application to change from time to time and/or you regularly need to update or modify test object properties.
You often work with multi-action tests and regularly use the Insert Copy of Action and Insert Call to Action options.
24.How to execute a WinRunner Script in QTP?
Ans : (a) TSLTest.RunTest TestPath, TestSet [, Parameters ] --> Used in QTP , used for backward compatibility
Parameters : The test set within Quality Center, in which test runs are stored. Note that this argument is relevant only when working with a test in a Quality Center project. When the test is not saved in Quality Center, this parameter is ignored.
e.g : TSLTest.RunTest "D:\test1", ""
(b)
TSLTest.RunTestEx TestPath, RunMinimized, CloseApp [, Parameters ]
TSLTest.RunTestEx "C:\WinRunner\Tests\basic_flight", TRUE, FALSE, "MyValue"
CloseApp : Indicates whether to close the WinRunner application when the WinRunner test run ends.
Parameters : Up to 15 WinRunner function argument
25. How to handle Run-time errors?
(a) On Error Resume Next : causes execution to continue with the statement immediately following the statement that caused the run-time error, or with the statement immediately following the most recent call out of the procedure containing the On Error Resume Next statement. This allows execution to continue despite a run-time error. You can then build the error-handling routine inline within the procedure.
Using "Err" object msgbox "Error no: " & " " & Err.Number & " " & Err.description & " " & Err.Source & Err.HelpContext
26.How to change the run-time value of a property for an object?
Ans : SetTOProperty changes the property values used to identify an object during the test run.
Only properties that are included in the test object description can be set
27. How to retrieve the property of an object?
Ans : using "GetRoProperty".
28. How to open any application during Scripting?
Ans : SystemUtil , object used to open and close applications and processes during a run session.
(a) A SystemUtil.Run statement is automatically added to your test when you run an application from the Start menu or the Run dialog box while recording a test
E.g : SystemUtil.Run "Notepad.exe"
SystemUtil.CloseDescendentProcesses ( Closes all the processes opened by QTP )
29. Types of properties that Quick Test learns while recording?
Ans : (a) Mandatory (b) Assistive .
In addition to recording the mandatory and assistive properties specified in the Object Identification dialog box, QuickTest can also record a backup ordinal identifier for each test object. The ordinal identifier assigns the object a numerical value that indicates its order relative to other objects with an otherwise identical description (objects that have the same values for all properties specified in the mandatory and assistive property lists). This ordered value enables QuickTest to create a unique description when the mandatory and assistive properties are not sufficient to do so.
30. What is the extension of script and object repository files?
Ans : Object Repository : .tsr , Script : .mts, Excel : Default.xls
31. How to supress warnings from the "Test results page"?
Ans : From the Test results Viewer "Tools > Filters > Warnings"...must be "Unchecked".
32. How to covert a String to an integer?
Ans : CInt()---> a conversion function available.
33.Which keyword used for Normal Recording?
Ans:F3
34.Which keyword used for run the test script?
Ans:F5
35.Which keyword used for stop the recording?
Ans:F4
check this blog regularly for more testing faqs and articles.
Manual Faqs
Testing Material
Load Runner Faqs
Sql Server Faqs
Testing Faqs Resources
Descriptive Programming for Yahoo Login Page
QTP Script for connecting to database
This post will give u steps(script)to connect to database using MS Access.
Option Explicit
Dim con,rs
Set con=createobject("adodb.connection")
Set rs=createobject("adodb.recordset")
con.provider="microsoft.jet.oledb.4.0"
con.open"d:\testdata.mdb"
rs.open"select*from emp",con
Do while not rs.eof
VbWindow("Form1").VbEdit("val1").Set rs.fields("v1")
VbWindow("Form1").VbEdit("val2").Set rs.fields("v2")
VbWindow("Form1").VbButton("ADD").Click
rs.movenext
Loop
Database we are using here is MS Access.before running this script create a table in MS Acess.
In the above script i used table called "emp" and column names as "v1" and "v2".
"d:\testdata.mdb" is path of the table which we created.
Main use of this application is to use testdata of table(which is in database) in the application.
Qtp script for connecting to sql server and oracle
